diff --git a/VoxelEngine.Tests/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStoreTests.cs b/VoxelEngine.Tests/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStoreTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cab4b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VoxelEngine.Tests/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStoreTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Persistence;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Tests.Persistence;
+
+public class InMemoryChunkModificationStoreTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void NewStore_HasNoDiffs()
+    {
+        var s = new InMemoryChunkModificationStore();
+        Assert.False(s.HasDiff(new Vector3i(0, 0, 0)));
+        Assert.False(s.TryGetDiff(new Vector3i(0, 0, 0), out _));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RecordEdit_StoresAndIsRetrievable()
+    {
+        var s = new InMemoryChunkModificationStore();
+        Vector3i pos = new(1, 2, 3);
+        s.RecordEdit(pos, 42, 7);
+
+        Assert.True(s.HasDiff(pos));
+        Assert.True(s.TryGetDiff(pos, out var diff));
+        Assert.Single(diff!);
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)7, diff![42]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RecordEdit_OverwritesSameLocalIndex()
+    {
+        var s = new InMemoryChunkModificationStore();
+        Vector3i pos = new(0, 0, 0);
+        s.RecordEdit(pos, 10, 1);
+        s.RecordEdit(pos, 10, 2);
+
+        Assert.True(s.TryGetDiff(pos, out var diff));
+        Assert.Single(diff!);
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)2, diff![10]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void RecordEdit_MultipleChunks_AreIndependent()
+    {
+        var s = new InMemoryChunkModificationStore();
+        s.RecordEdit(new Vector3i(0, 0, 0), 0, 1);
+        s.RecordEdit(new Vector3i(1, 0, 0), 0, 2);
+
+        Assert.True(s.TryGetDiff(new Vector3i(0, 0, 0), out var a));
+        Assert.True(s.TryGetDiff(new Vector3i(1, 0, 0), out var b));
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)1, a![0]);
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)2, b![0]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ClearDiff_RemovesChunk()
+    {
+        var s = new InMemoryChunkModificationStore();
+        Vector3i pos = new(5, 5, 5);
+        s.RecordEdit(pos, 0, 1);
+        s.ClearDiff(pos);
+        Assert.False(s.HasDiff(pos));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/World/Persistence/IChunkModificationStore.cs b/World/Persistence/IChunkModificationStore.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f543a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/World/Persistence/IChunkModificationStore.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Persistence;
+
+public interface IChunkModificationStore
+{
+    bool TryGetDiff(Vector3i chunkPos, out IReadOnlyDictionary<int, ushort>? diff);
+    void RecordEdit(Vector3i chunkPos, int localIndex, ushort blockId);
+    void ClearDiff(Vector3i chunkPos);
+    bool HasDiff(Vector3i chunkPos);
+}
diff --git a/World/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStore.cs b/World/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStore.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5928276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/World/Persistence/InMemoryChunkModificationStore.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Persistence;
+
+public sealed class InMemoryChunkModificationStore : IChunkModificationStore
+{
+    private readonly Dictionary<Vector3i, Dictionary<int, ushort>> _diffs = new();
+
+    public bool TryGetDiff(Vector3i chunkPos, out IReadOnlyDictionary<int, ushort>? diff)
+    {
+        if (this._diffs.TryGetValue(chunkPos, out Dictionary<int, ushort>? d))
+        {
+            diff = d;
+            return true;
+        }
+        diff = null;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void RecordEdit(Vector3i chunkPos, int localIndex, ushort blockId)
+    {
+        if (!this._diffs.TryGetValue(chunkPos, out Dictionary<int, ushort>? d))
+        {
+            d = new Dictionary<int, ushort>();
+            this._diffs[chunkPos] = d;
+        }
+        d[localIndex] = blockId;
+    }
+
+    public void ClearDiff(Vector3i chunkPos) => this._diffs.Remove(chunkPos);
+
+    public bool HasDiff(Vector3i chunkPos) => this._diffs.ContainsKey(chunkPos);
+}