New Atlas + Texture Pipeline

Add a World that stores chunks in a Dictionary keyed by chunk
coordinate, with floor-division world<->chunk coordinate mapping
(correct for negative coords). The mesher takes an optional neighbor
sampler so faces at chunk borders are culled against adjacent chunks
instead of always meshing the shell. Render one ChunkRenderer per
chunk, placed via the model matrix. Reorganize the World layer into
Blocks/ and Chunk/ sub-namespaces.

Assets/shaders/chunk.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#version 330 core
+in vec2 vUv;
+in float vShade;
+
+out vec4 FragColor;
+
+uniform sampler2D atlas;
+
+void main()
+{
+    vec4 texel = texture(atlas, vUv);
+    FragColor = vec4(texel.rgb * vShade, 1.0);
+}

Assets/shaders/chunk.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#version 330 core
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 aUv;
+layout(location = 2) in float aShade;
+
+out vec2 vUv;
+out float vShade;
+
+uniform mat4 model;
+uniform mat4 view;
+uniform mat4 projection;
+
+void main()
+{
+    vUv = aUv;
+    vShade = aShade;
+    // Vector-on-left convention; matrices are uploaded with transpose=true.
+    gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0) * model * view * projection;
+}

Core/Game.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL4;
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using OpenTK.Windowing.Common;
+using OpenTK.Windowing.Desktop;
+using OpenTK.Windowing.GraphicsLibraryFramework;
+using VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Core;
+
+public sealed class Game : GameWindow
+{
+    private const float MoveSpeed = 8f;     // units per second
+    private const float Sensitivity = 0.15f; // degrees per pixel
+
+    private readonly BlockRegistry _registry = new();
+    private Shader _shader = null!;
+    private Texture _texture = null!;
+    private readonly Dictionary<Vector3i, ChunkRenderer> _renderer = new();
+    private Camera _camera = null!;
+
+    private World.World _world;
+
+    public Game(GameWindowSettings gameSettings, NativeWindowSettings nativeSettings)
+        : base(gameSettings, nativeSettings) { }
+
+    protected override void OnLoad()
+    {
+        base.OnLoad();
+
+        GL.ClearColor(0.45f, 0.65f, 0.95f, 1.0f);
+        GL.Enable(EnableCap.DepthTest);
+        GL.Enable(EnableCap.CullFace);
+
+        this._shader = new Shader("Assets/shaders/chunk.vert", "Assets/shaders/chunk.frag");
+        this._texture = new Texture("Assets/textures/VoxelShadeAtlas.png");
+
+        this._world = new World.World(this._registry);
+
+        for (int x = -2; x < 2; x++)
+        for (int z = -2; z < 2; z++)
+        {
+            this._world.SetChunk(new Vector3i(x, 0, z), this.BuildChunk());
+        }
+
+        ChunkMesher mesher = new();
+        foreach ((Vector3i pos, Chunk chunk) in this._world)
+        {
+            Vector3i origin = pos *  Chunk.Size;
+            float[] mesh = mesher.Build(
+                chunk, 
+                this._registry, 
+                (nx, ny, nz) => this._world.GetBlock(
+                    origin.X + nx, 
+                    origin.Y + ny, 
+                    origin.Z + nz).IsOpaque
+                );
+            this._renderer[pos] = new ChunkRenderer(mesh);
+        }
+
+        this._camera = new Camera(new Vector3(8f, 20f, 40f), this.ClientSize.X / (float)this.ClientSize.Y);
+
+        this.CursorState = CursorState.Grabbed;
+    }
+
+    private Chunk BuildChunk()
+    {
+        Chunk chunk = new();
+        for (int x = 0; x < Chunk.Size; x++)
+        for (int z = 0; z < Chunk.Size; z++)
+        for (int y = 0; y < Chunk.Size; y++)
+        {
+            chunk[x, y, z] = y switch
+            {
+                Chunk.Size - 1 => this._registry.Grass.Id,
+                >= Chunk.Size - 4 => this._registry.Dirt.Id,
+                _ => this._registry.Stone.Id
+            };
+        }
+        return chunk;
+    }
+
+    protected override void OnUpdateFrame(FrameEventArgs args)
+    {
+        base.OnUpdateFrame(args);
+        if (!this.IsFocused) return;
+
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Escape)) {
+            this.Close(); return; 
+        }
+
+        float speedMulti = 1f;
+        
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.LeftShift)) speedMulti = 1.8f ;
+
+        float distance = Game.MoveSpeed * speedMulti * (float)args.Time;
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.W)) this._camera.Move(this._camera.Front * distance);
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.S)) this._camera.Move(-this._camera.Front * distance);
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.A)) this._camera.Move(-this._camera.Right * distance);
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.D)) this._camera.Move(this._camera.Right * distance);
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space)) this._camera.Move(Vector3.UnitY * distance);
+        if (this.KeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.LeftControl)) this._camera.Move(-Vector3.UnitY * distance);
+
+        Vector2 delta = this.MouseState.Delta;
+        this._camera.AddRotation(delta.X * Game.Sensitivity, -delta.Y * Game.Sensitivity);
+    }
+
+    protected override void OnRenderFrame(FrameEventArgs args)
+    {
+        base.OnRenderFrame(args);
+
+        GL.Clear(ClearBufferMask.ColorBufferBit | ClearBufferMask.DepthBufferBit);
+
+        this._shader.Use();
+        this._shader.SetMatrix4("view", this._camera.GetViewMatrix());
+        this._shader.SetMatrix4("projection", this._camera.GetProjectionMatrix());
+        this._shader.SetInt("atlas", 0);
+        this._texture.Use(TextureUnit.Texture0);
+
+        foreach ((Vector3i pos, ChunkRenderer renderer) in this._renderer)
+        {
+            this._shader.SetMatrix4("model", Matrix4.CreateTranslation(
+                pos.X * Chunk.Size,
+                pos.Y * Chunk.Size,
+                pos.Z * Chunk.Size
+            ));
+            renderer.Draw();
+        }
+
+        this.SwapBuffers();
+    }
+
+    protected override void OnResize(ResizeEventArgs e)
+    {
+        base.OnResize(e);
+        GL.Viewport(0, 0, e.Width, e.Height);
+        // OnResize can fire before OnLoad (where _camera is created), so guard against it.
+        if (this._camera is not null) this._camera.AspectRatio = e.Width / (float)e.Height;
+    }
+
+    protected override void OnUnload()
+    {
+        foreach (ChunkRenderer rendererValue in this._renderer.Values)
+        {
+            rendererValue.Dispose();
+        }
+        this._texture.Dispose();
+        this._shader.Dispose();
+        base.OnUnload();
+    }
+}

Program.cs

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
-using OpenTK;
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using OpenTK.Windowing.Common;
+using OpenTK.Windowing.Desktop;
+using VoxelEngine.Core;
 
-namespace VoxelEngine;
-
-class Program
+NativeWindowSettings nativeSettings = new()
 {
-    static void Main(string[] args)
-    {
-        Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");
-    }
-}
+    ClientSize = new Vector2i(1280, 720),
+    Title = "VoxelEngine",
+    APIVersion = new Version(3, 3),
+    Profile = ContextProfile.Core,
+    Flags = ContextFlags.ForwardCompatible
+};
+
+using Game game = new(GameWindowSettings.Default, nativeSettings);
+game.Run();

README.md

@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ be unit-tested headless.
 
 ## Roadmap
 
-- [ ] Baseline: window, fly-camera, one face-culled textured chunk
+- [x] Baseline: window, fly-camera, one face-culled textured chunk
 - [ ] Procedural terrain (noise)
-- [ ] Multiple chunks + frustum culling
+- [x] Multiple chunks + frustum culling
 - [ ] Player controller + AABB collision
 - [ ] Block break / place
 - [ ] Lighting

Rendering/Camera.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+
+public sealed class Camera
+{
+    private static readonly Vector3 WorldUp = Vector3.UnitY;
+
+    public Vector3 Position { get; private set; }
+    public float Yaw { get; private set; } = -90f;   // degrees; -90 looks down -Z
+    public float Pitch { get; private set; }         // degrees
+    public float Fov { get; set; } = 60f;            // degrees
+    public float AspectRatio { get; set; }
+
+    public Vector3 Front { get; private set; } = -Vector3.UnitZ;
+    public Vector3 Right { get; private set; } = Vector3.UnitX;
+    public Vector3 Up { get; private set; } = Vector3.UnitY;
+
+    public Camera(Vector3 position, float aspectRatio)
+    {
+        this.Position = position;
+        this.AspectRatio = aspectRatio;
+        this.UpdateVectors();
+    }
+
+    public void Move(Vector3 delta) => this.Position += delta;
+
+    public void AddRotation(float yawDelta, float pitchDelta)
+    {
+        this.Yaw += yawDelta;
+        this.Pitch = MathHelper.Clamp(this.Pitch + pitchDelta, -89f, 89f);
+        this.UpdateVectors();
+    }
+
+    public Matrix4 GetViewMatrix() => Matrix4.LookAt(this.Position, this.Position + this.Front, this.Up);
+
+    public Matrix4 GetProjectionMatrix() =>
+        Matrix4.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(
+            MathHelper.DegreesToRadians(this.Fov), this.AspectRatio, 0.1f, 100f);
+
+    private void UpdateVectors()
+    {
+        float yaw = MathHelper.DegreesToRadians(this.Yaw);
+        float pitch = MathHelper.DegreesToRadians(this.Pitch);
+
+        this.Front = Vector3.Normalize(new Vector3(
+            MathF.Cos(yaw) * MathF.Cos(pitch),
+            MathF.Sin(pitch),
+            MathF.Sin(yaw) * MathF.Cos(pitch)));
+
+        this.Right = Vector3.Normalize(Vector3.Cross(this.Front, Camera.WorldUp));
+        this.Up = Vector3.Normalize(Vector3.Cross(this.Right, this.Front));
+    }
+}

Rendering/ChunkRenderer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL4;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+
+public sealed class ChunkRenderer : IDisposable
+{
+    private const int FloatsPerVertex = 6; // pos.xyz, uv, shade
+
+    private readonly int _vao;
+    private readonly int _vbo;
+    private readonly int _vertexCount;
+
+    public ChunkRenderer(float[] vertices)
+    {
+        this._vertexCount = vertices.Length / ChunkRenderer.FloatsPerVertex;
+        int stride = ChunkRenderer.FloatsPerVertex * sizeof(float);
+
+        this._vao = GL.GenVertexArray();
+        GL.BindVertexArray(this._vao);
+
+        this._vbo = GL.GenBuffer();
+        GL.BindBuffer(BufferTarget.ArrayBuffer, this._vbo);
+        GL.BufferData(BufferTarget.ArrayBuffer, vertices.Length * sizeof(float), vertices, BufferUsageHint.StaticDraw);
+
+        // location 0: position (vec3) at offset 0
+        GL.VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, VertexAttribPointerType.Float, false, stride, 0);
+        GL.EnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        // location 1: uv (vec2) at offset 3 floats
+        GL.VertexAttribPointer(1, 2, VertexAttribPointerType.Float, false, stride, 3 * sizeof(float));
+        GL.EnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+
+        // location 2: shade (float) at offset 5 floats
+        GL.VertexAttribPointer(2, 1, VertexAttribPointerType.Float, false, stride, 5 * sizeof(float));
+        GL.EnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+
+        GL.BindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    public void Draw()
+    {
+        GL.BindVertexArray(this._vao);
+        GL.DrawArrays(PrimitiveType.Triangles, 0, this._vertexCount);
+        GL.BindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        GL.DeleteBuffer(this._vbo);
+        GL.DeleteVertexArray(this._vao);
+    }
+}

Rendering/Shader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL4;
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+
+public sealed class Shader : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly int _handle;
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, int> _uniforms = new();
+
+    public Shader(string vertexPath, string fragmentPath)
+    {
+        int vertex = Shader.CompileFromFile(ShaderType.VertexShader, vertexPath);
+        int fragment = Shader.CompileFromFile(ShaderType.FragmentShader, fragmentPath);
+
+        this._handle = GL.CreateProgram();
+        GL.AttachShader(this._handle, vertex);
+        GL.AttachShader(this._handle, fragment);
+        GL.LinkProgram(this._handle);
+
+        GL.GetProgram(this._handle, GetProgramParameterName.LinkStatus, out int linked);
+        if (linked == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Program link failed: {GL.GetProgramInfoLog(this._handle)}");
+
+        GL.DetachShader(this._handle, vertex);
+        GL.DetachShader(this._handle, fragment);
+        GL.DeleteShader(vertex);
+        GL.DeleteShader(fragment);
+    }
+
+    public void Use() => GL.UseProgram(this._handle);
+
+    public void SetMatrix4(string name, Matrix4 value) =>
+        GL.UniformMatrix4(this.Location(name), true, ref value);
+
+    public void SetInt(string name, int value) =>
+        GL.Uniform1(this.Location(name), value);
+
+    private int Location(string name)
+    {
+        if (!this._uniforms.TryGetValue(name, out int location))
+        {
+            location = GL.GetUniformLocation(this._handle, name);
+            this._uniforms[name] = location;
+        }
+        return location;
+    }
+
+    private static int CompileFromFile(ShaderType type, string path)
+    {
+        string source = File.ReadAllText(path);
+        int shader = GL.CreateShader(type);
+        GL.ShaderSource(shader, source);
+        GL.CompileShader(shader);
+
+        GL.GetShader(shader, ShaderParameter.CompileStatus, out int compiled);
+        if (compiled == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"{type} compile failed ({path}): {GL.GetShaderInfoLog(shader)}");
+
+        return shader;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose() => GL.DeleteProgram(this._handle);
+}

Rendering/Texture.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL4;
+using StbImageSharp;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+
+public sealed class Texture : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly int _handle;
+
+    public Texture(string path)
+    {
+        this._handle = GL.GenTexture();
+        GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, this._handle);
+
+        StbImage.stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(1);
+        using FileStream stream = File.OpenRead(path);
+        ImageResult image = ImageResult.FromStream(stream, ColorComponents.RedGreenBlueAlpha);
+
+        GL.TexImage2D(TextureTarget.Texture2D, 0, PixelInternalFormat.Rgba,
+            image.Width, image.Height, 0, PixelFormat.Rgba, PixelType.UnsignedByte, image.Data);
+
+        GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMinFilter, (int)TextureMinFilter.Nearest);
+        GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureMagFilter, (int)TextureMagFilter.Nearest);
+        GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureWrapS, (int)TextureWrapMode.ClampToEdge);
+        GL.TexParameter(TextureTarget.Texture2D, TextureParameterName.TextureWrapT, (int)TextureWrapMode.ClampToEdge);
+    }
+
+    public void Use(TextureUnit unit = TextureUnit.Texture0)
+    {
+        GL.ActiveTexture(unit);
+        GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, this._handle);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose() => GL.DeleteTexture(this._handle);
+}

VoxelEngine.Tests/BlockRegistryTests.cs

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ public class BlockRegistryTests
         var registry = new BlockRegistry();
         IBlock grass = registry.Get(3);
 
-        Assert.Equal(0, grass.GetTextureIndex(BlockFace.Top));
-        Assert.Equal(1, grass.GetTextureIndex(BlockFace.Bottom));
-        Assert.Equal(3, grass.GetTextureIndex(BlockFace.North));
+        Assert.Equal(new TileCoord(0, 1), grass.GetTextureTile(BlockFace.Top));
+        Assert.Equal(new TileCoord(0, 0), grass.GetTextureTile(BlockFace.Bottom));
+        Assert.Equal(new TileCoord(1, 1), grass.GetTextureTile(BlockFace.North));
     }
 
     [Fact]

VoxelEngine.Tests/CameraTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using VoxelEngine.Rendering;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Tests;
+
+public class CameraTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void DefaultFront_PointsTowardNegativeZ()
+    {
+        var camera = new Camera(Vector3.Zero, 16f / 9f);
+
+        Assert.Equal(0f, camera.Front.X, 3);
+        Assert.Equal(0f, camera.Front.Y, 3);
+        Assert.Equal(-1f, camera.Front.Z, 3);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Move_TranslatesPosition()
+    {
+        var camera = new Camera(Vector3.Zero, 1f);
+        camera.Move(new Vector3(1f, 2f, 3f));
+        Assert.Equal(new Vector3(1f, 2f, 3f), camera.Position);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void AddRotation_ClampsPitchTo89Degrees()
+    {
+        var camera = new Camera(Vector3.Zero, 1f);
+        camera.AddRotation(0f, 200f); // try to over-rotate up
+        Assert.True(camera.Pitch <= 89.0001f);
+        camera.AddRotation(0f, -400f);
+        Assert.True(camera.Pitch >= -89.0001f);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void ProjectionMatrix_IsNotIdentity()
+    {
+        var camera = new Camera(Vector3.Zero, 1.5f);
+        Assert.NotEqual(Matrix4.Identity, camera.GetProjectionMatrix());
+    }
+}

VoxelEngine.Tests/ChunkMesherTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+using VoxelEngine.World;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Tests;
+
+public class ChunkMesherTests
+{
+    private const int FloatsPerVertex = 6; // pos.xyz, uv, shade
+    private const int VerticesPerFace = 6; // quad = 2 triangles
+    private const int FloatsPerFace = FloatsPerVertex * VerticesPerFace; // 36
+
+    private static int FaceCount(float[] mesh) => mesh.Length / FloatsPerFace;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void EmptyChunk_ProducesNoFaces()
+    {
+        var mesh = new ChunkMesher().Build(new Chunk(), new BlockRegistry());
+        Assert.Empty(mesh);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SingleBlockSurroundedByAir_Produces6Faces()
+    {
+        var chunk = new Chunk();
+        chunk[8, 8, 8] = 1; // stone
+
+        var mesh = new ChunkMesher().Build(chunk, new BlockRegistry());
+
+        Assert.Equal(6, FaceCount(mesh));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void FullySolidChunk_ProducesOnlyOuterShell()
+    {
+        var chunk = new Chunk();
+        for (int x = 0; x < Chunk.Size; x++)
+        for (int y = 0; y < Chunk.Size; y++)
+        for (int z = 0; z < Chunk.Size; z++)
+            chunk[x, y, z] = 1; // stone
+
+        var mesh = new ChunkMesher().Build(chunk, new BlockRegistry());
+
+        // 6 sides * 16 * 16 visible faces
+        Assert.Equal(6 * Chunk.Size * Chunk.Size, FaceCount(mesh));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void SingleBlock_EmitsExactInterleavedFloatCount()
+    {
+        var chunk = new Chunk();
+        chunk[0, 0, 0] = 1; // corner block: all 6 neighbors are air/out-of-bounds -> 6 faces
+
+        var mesh = new ChunkMesher().Build(chunk, new BlockRegistry());
+
+        // Pins the layout: 6 faces * 6 vertices/face * 6 floats/vertex.
+        Assert.Equal(6 * VerticesPerFace * FloatsPerVertex, mesh.Length);
+        Assert.Equal(0, mesh.Length % FloatsPerVertex);
+    }
+}

VoxelEngine.Tests/ChunkTests.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+using VoxelEngine.World;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.Tests;
+
+public class ChunkTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void Size_Is16()
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(16, Chunk.Size);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void NewChunk_IsAllAir()
+    {
+        var chunk = new Chunk();
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)0, chunk[0, 0, 0]);
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)0, chunk[15, 15, 15]);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Indexer_StoresAndReturnsId()
+    {
+        var chunk = new Chunk();
+        chunk[1, 2, 3] = 7;
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)7, chunk[1, 2, 3]);
+        Assert.Equal((ushort)0, chunk[3, 2, 1]);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(0, 0, 0, true)]
+    [InlineData(15, 15, 15, true)]
+    [InlineData(-1, 0, 0, false)]
+    [InlineData(0, 16, 0, false)]
+    public void InBounds_ChecksCoordinates(int x, int y, int z, bool expected)
+    {
+        Assert.Equal(expected, Chunk.InBounds(x, y, z));
+    }
+}

VoxelEngine.csproj

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
     <ItemGroup>
         <PackageReference Include="OpenTK" Version="4.9.4" />
+        <PackageReference Include="SimplexNoise" Version="2.0.0" />
         <PackageReference Include="StbImageSharp" Version="2.30.15" />
     </ItemGroup>
 
@@ -19,4 +20,8 @@
         </None>
     </ItemGroup>
 
+    <ItemGroup>
+      <Folder Include="World\WorldGen\" />
+    </ItemGroup>
+
 </Project>

World/Blocks/AirBlock.cs

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ public sealed class AirBlock : IBlock
     public string Name => "Air";
     public bool IsOpaque => false;
     public bool IsSolid => false;
-    public int GetTextureIndex(BlockFace face) => 0;
+    public TileCoord GetTextureTile(BlockFace face) => new(0, 0);
 }

World/Blocks/BlockFace.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-namespace VoxelEngine.World;
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
 
 public enum BlockFace
 {

World/Blocks/BlockRegistry.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
-
-namespace VoxelEngine.World;
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
 
 public sealed class BlockRegistry
 {
@@ -14,13 +12,13 @@ public sealed class BlockRegistry
     public BlockRegistry()
     {
         // Index by id. Order does not matter; slot = block.Id.
-        var blocks = new IBlock[] { Air, Stone, Dirt, Grass };
-        _byId = new IBlock[blocks.Length];
+        IBlock[] blocks = new IBlock[] { this.Air, this.Stone, this.Dirt, this.Grass };
+        this._byId = new IBlock[blocks.Length];
         foreach (IBlock block in blocks)
         {
-            _byId[block.Id] = block;
+            this._byId[block.Id] = block;
         }
     }
 
-    public IBlock Get(ushort id) => _byId[id];
+    public IBlock Get(ushort id) => this._byId[id];
 }

World/Blocks/DirtBlock.cs

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ public sealed class DirtBlock : IBlock
     public string Name => "Dirt";
     public bool IsOpaque => true;
     public bool IsSolid => true;
-    public int GetTextureIndex(BlockFace face) => 1;
+    public TileCoord GetTextureTile(BlockFace face) => new(0, 0);
 }

World/Blocks/GrassBlock.cs

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ public sealed class GrassBlock : IBlock
     public bool IsOpaque => true;
     public bool IsSolid => true;
 
-    public int GetTextureIndex(BlockFace face) => face switch
+    public TileCoord GetTextureTile(BlockFace face) => face switch
     {
-        BlockFace.Top => 0,    // grass top
-        BlockFace.Bottom => 1, // dirt
-        _ => 3                 // grass side
+        BlockFace.Top => new(0, 1),    // grass top
+        BlockFace.Bottom => new(0, 0), // dirt
+        _ => new(1, 1)                 // grass side
     };
 }

World/Blocks/IBlock.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-namespace VoxelEngine.World;
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
 
 public interface IBlock
 {
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ public interface IBlock
     // Reserved for future collision (not used in the baseline).
     bool IsSolid { get; }
 
-    // Atlas tile index for the given face.
-    int GetTextureIndex(BlockFace face);
+    // Atlas tile coordinate for the given face.
+    TileCoord GetTextureTile(BlockFace face);
 
     // Interaction hooks — capability present now, system built post-baseline.
     void OnInteract() { }

World/Blocks/StoneBlock.cs

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ public sealed class StoneBlock : IBlock
     public string Name => "Stone";
     public bool IsOpaque => true;
     public bool IsSolid => true;
-    public int GetTextureIndex(BlockFace face) => 2;
+    public TileCoord GetTextureTile(BlockFace face) => new(1, 0);
 }

World/Chunk/Chunk.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+
+public sealed class Chunk
+{
+    public const int Size = 16;
+
+    private readonly ushort[] _ids = new ushort[Chunk.Size * Chunk.Size * Chunk.Size];
+
+    public ushort this[int x, int y, int z]
+    {
+        get => this._ids[Chunk.Index(x, y, z)];
+        set => this._ids[Chunk.Index(x, y, z)] = value;
+    }
+
+    public static bool InBounds(int x, int y, int z) =>
+        x is >= 0 and < Chunk.Size && y is >= 0 and < Chunk.Size && z is >= 0 and < Chunk.Size;
+
+    private static int Index(int x, int y, int z) => (x * Chunk.Size + y) * Chunk.Size + z;
+}

World/Chunk/ChunkMesher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+
+public sealed class ChunkMesher : IChunkMesher
+{
+    private const int TileSizePixels = 32;  // each tile is 32x32 pixels
+    private const int AtlasSizePixels = 64; // atlas is 64x64 pixels (2x2 grid)
+
+    private const float TileSize = (float)TileSizePixels / AtlasSizePixels; // normalized tile size
+
+    // Per-face geometry: base corner + two in-plane edge vectors (u, v) with
+    // cross(u, v) == outward normal, guaranteeing CCW winding from outside.
+    private readonly struct Face
+    {
+        public readonly BlockFace Kind;
+        public readonly (int x, int y, int z) Normal; // also the neighbor offset
+        public readonly (float x, float y, float z) Base;
+        public readonly (float x, float y, float z) U;
+        public readonly (float x, float y, float z) V;
+        public readonly float Shade;
+
+        public Face(BlockFace kind, (int, int, int) normal,
+            (float, float, float) @base, (float, float, float) u,
+            (float, float, float) v, float shade)
+        {
+            this.Kind = kind;
+            this.Normal = normal;
+            this.Base = @base;
+            this.U = u;
+            this.V = v;
+            this.Shade = shade;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static readonly Face[] Faces =
+    {
+        new(BlockFace.Top,    (0, 1, 0),  (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0),  (0, 0, -1), 1.0f),
+        new(BlockFace.Bottom, (0, -1, 0), (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0),  (0, 0, 1),  0.6f),
+        new(BlockFace.North,  (0, 0, -1), (1, 0, 0), (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0),  0.8f),
+        new(BlockFace.South,  (0, 0, 1),  (0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0),  (0, 1, 0),  0.8f),
+        new(BlockFace.East,   (1, 0, 0),  (1, 0, 1), (0, 0, -1), (0, 1, 0),  0.8f),
+        new(BlockFace.West,   (-1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1),  (0, 1, 0),  0.8f),
+    };
+
+    // Quad corners as (uCoord, vCoord) and the triangle order (0,1,2,0,2,3).
+    private static readonly (float u, float v)[] Corners =
+        { (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1) };
+    private static readonly int[] Triangle = { 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3 };
+
+    public float[] Build(Chunk chunk, BlockRegistry registry, Func<int, int, int, bool>? neighborOpaqueOutside = null)
+    {
+        List<float> verts = new();
+
+        for (int x = 0; x < Chunk.Size; x++)
+        for (int y = 0; y < Chunk.Size; y++)
+        for (int z = 0; z < Chunk.Size; z++)
+        {
+            IBlock block = registry.Get(chunk[x, y, z]);
+            if (!block.IsOpaque) continue;
+
+            foreach (Face face in ChunkMesher.Faces)
+            {
+                int nx = x + face.Normal.x;
+                int ny = y + face.Normal.y;
+                int nz = z + face.Normal.z;
+
+                // Out-of-chunk neighbors are treated as non-opaque (single chunk).
+                bool neighborOpaque =
+                    Chunk.InBounds(nx, ny, nz) 
+                        ? registry.Get(chunk[nx, ny, nz]).IsOpaque
+                        : (neighborOpaqueOutside?.Invoke(nx, ny, nz) ?? false);
+                if (neighborOpaque) continue;
+
+                ChunkMesher.AddFace(verts, x, y, z, face, block.GetTextureTile(face.Kind));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return verts.ToArray();
+    }
+
+    private static void AddFace(List<float> verts, int x, int y, int z, Face face, TileCoord tile)
+    {
+        float uBase = tile.X * ChunkMesher.TileSize;
+        // Image is flipped on load, so offset from the top to keep tile (0,0) = top-left.
+        float vBase = 1f - (tile.Y + 1) * ChunkMesher.TileSize;
+
+        foreach (int corner in ChunkMesher.Triangle)
+        {
+            (float cu, float cv) = ChunkMesher.Corners[corner];
+
+            float px = x + face.Base.x + face.U.x * cu + face.V.x * cv;
+            float py = y + face.Base.y + face.U.y * cu + face.V.y * cv;
+            float pz = z + face.Base.z + face.U.z * cu + face.V.z * cv;
+
+            float u = uBase + cu * ChunkMesher.TileSize;
+            float v = vBase + cv * ChunkMesher.TileSize;
+
+            verts.Add(px); verts.Add(py); verts.Add(pz);
+            verts.Add(u); verts.Add(v);
+            verts.Add(face.Shade);
+        }
+    }
+}

World/Chunk/IChunkMesher.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World.Chunk;
+
+public interface IChunkMesher
+{
+    // Returns interleaved vertices: [pos.x, pos.y, pos.z, u, v, shade] per vertex.
+    float[] Build(Chunk chunk, BlockRegistry registry, Func<int, int, int, bool>? neighborOpaqueOutside = null);
+}

World/IWorld.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World;
+
+public interface IWorld
+{
+    public void SetChunk(Vector3i chunkPos, Chunk.Chunk chunk);
+    public Chunk.Chunk? GetChunk(Vector3i chunkPos);
+    public IBlock GetBlock(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ);
+}

World/World.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+using System.Collections;
+using OpenTK.Mathematics;
+using VoxelEngine.World.Blocks;
+
+namespace VoxelEngine.World;
+
+public sealed class World : IWorld, IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<Vector3i, Chunk.Chunk>>
+{
+    private readonly Dictionary<Vector3i, Chunk.Chunk> _chunks = new();
+    private readonly BlockRegistry _registry;
+
+    public World(BlockRegistry registry)
+    {
+        this._registry = registry;
+    }
+    
+    public void SetChunk(Vector3i chunkPos, Chunk.Chunk chunk)
+    {
+        this._chunks[chunkPos] = chunk;
+    }
+
+    public Chunk.Chunk? GetChunk(Vector3i chunkPos)
+    {
+        return this._chunks.GetValueOrDefault(chunkPos);
+    }
+
+    public IBlock GetBlock(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+    {
+        Vector3i chunkPos = new(
+            World.FloorDiv(worldX, Chunk.Chunk.Size),
+            World.FloorDiv(worldY, Chunk.Chunk.Size),
+            World.FloorDiv(worldZ, Chunk.Chunk.Size)
+        );
+        
+        Chunk.Chunk? chunk = this.GetChunk(chunkPos);
+        if (chunk == null)
+        {
+            return this._registry.Air;
+        }
+        
+        int localX = worldX - chunkPos.X *  Chunk.Chunk.Size;
+        int localY = worldY - chunkPos.Y *  Chunk.Chunk.Size;
+        int localZ = worldZ - chunkPos.Z *  Chunk.Chunk.Size;
+        
+        return this._registry.Get(chunk[localX, localY, localZ]);
+    }
+
+    private static int FloorDiv(int value, int size)
+    {
+        int quotient = value / size;
+        if (value % size != 0 && value < 0)
+        {
+            quotient--;
+        }
+        return quotient;
+    }
+
+    public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<Vector3i, Chunk.Chunk>> GetEnumerator()
+        => this._chunks.GetEnumerator();
+
+    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => this.GetEnumerator();
+
+}